Effect of low concentrations of Pb on Sn electrodeposition in methyl sulphonic acid solutions

The influence of Pb²⁺ on the initial stages of Sn electrodeposition onto copper from methyl sulphonic acid solutions in the absence of organic additives has been investigated. Particular attention is placed on the effect of Pb²⁺ at concentrations much lower than previously reported and where no lead is detected in the resulting deposit. Linear sweep scans and i-t transients show that Pb²⁺ catalyzes Sn plating at Pb²⁺:Sn²⁺ molar concentration ratios between about 1:1000 and 20:1000. This effect can be significant, with as much as a 30% increase in the amount of tin deposited over that obtained in the absence of Pb²⁺ when the concentration ratio is 2:1000 or 5:1000. At concentration ratios above 20:1000, the effect disappears and, in fact, Pb²⁺ has an inhibitory effect on Sn²⁺ reduction. Under conditions where Pb²⁺ enhances Sn electrodeposition, it also begins to affect electrocrystallization by promoting faster nucleation and a more 2-dimensional coating that more rapidly covers the substrate. This trend continues as the Pb²⁺ concentration is further increased and the catalytic effect disappears.     

可控震源高效交替扫描技术的应用效果分析

随着可控震源电控箱体技术的不断发展,可控震源交替扫描技术在西方地球物理公司中得到了广泛应用,但国内该项技术应用较少。在常规交替扫描的基础上，发展并形成了可控震源高效交替扫描(交替扫描)技术，该技术与常规交替扫描作业方式相比可提高效率30%，与单套震源施工方法相比可提高效率67%，有较大的推广应用价值。     

A novel prototype of auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg link snubber‐assisted soft‐switching sine‐wave PWM inverter

This paper proposes a new circuit topology of the three‐phase soft‐switching PWM inverter and PFC converter using IGBT power modules, which has the improved active auxiliary switch and edge resonant bridge leg‐commutation‐link soft‐switching snubber circuit with pulse current regenerative feedback loop as compared with the typical auxiliary resonant pole snubber discussed previously. This three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter is more suitable and acceptable for a large‐capacity uninterruptible power supply, PFC converter, utility‐interactive bidirectional converter, and so forth. In this paper, the soft‐switching operation and optimum circuit design of the novel type active auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg commutation link snubber treated here are described for high‐power applications. Both the main active power switches and the auxiliary active power switches achieve soft switching under the principles of ZVS or ZCS in this three‐phase inverter switching. This three‐phase soft‐switching commutation scheme can effectively minimize the switching surge‐related electromagnetic noise and the switching power losses of the power semiconductor devices; IGBTs and modules used here. This three‐phase inverter and rectifier coupled double converter system does not need any sensing circuit and its peripheral logic control circuits to detect the voltage or the current and does not require any unwanted chemical electrolytic capacitor to make the neutral point of the DC power supply voltage source. The performances of this power conditioner are proved on the basis of the experimental and simulation results. Because the power semiconductor switches (IGBT module packages) have a trade‐off relation in the switching fall time and tail current interval characteristics as well as the conductive saturation voltage characteristics, this three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter can improve actual efficiency in the output power ranges with a trench gate controlled MOS power semiconductor device which is much improved regarding low saturation voltage. The effectiveness of this is verified from a practical point of view. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 64–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20207     

一种宽带谐波雷达接收前端的设计

谐波雷达是一种对非线性目标进行探测和识别的系统。为了提高系统抗复杂电磁环境的能力,本文根据可变频发射谐波雷达探测系统的技术需求,提出了一种宽带谐波接收前端的设计方案。对涉及的合成扫频信号发生、基波抑制、镜像频率抑制、大动态范围宽带接收以及低噪声等关键技术进行了分析,提出了解决方案,对接收前端的关键器件给出了具体设计指标。通过对谐波雷达接收前端系统的仿真与分析,实物研制与测试,验证了方案的可行性。     

软开关推挽式高频链逆变器

提出一种新颖的单级式推挽高频链逆变器拓扑,变压器初级侧采用电源端串接一个开关管的三管推挽结构,次级侧采用双绕组全波式周波变换器结构。该类逆变器具有拓扑简洁、初次级开关管均可在宽输出电流区间范围内实现零电压开通、变换效率高等优点。电路采用正弦脉宽脉位调制策略,变压器初级侧辅助开关管的工作频率是另外2个开关管的2倍,除去死区时间,辅管的驱动信号逻辑上是另外2个开关管驱动信号的与非关系。详细分析了各工作模态,讨论了次级占空比丢失、软开关实现条件及特殊变压器设计的关键电路参数设计准则等。最后,制作了一台输入40~60 V DC、输出110V AC、额定功率660 W的原理样机,实验波形及较高的变换效率验证了所提拓扑的正确性。     

考虑PMU的配电网潮流计算

考虑在配电网中加入同步相量测量单元(PMU)进行潮流计算,理论上正确可行并能提高配电网潮流计算的收敛速度。但在实际应用中,PMU存在一定的测量误差,使用传统前推回代潮流算法和对负荷静态电压特性变化敏感性弱的前推回代算法分别对IEEE 33节点配电系统进行测试,结果表明:不考虑PMU测量误差时,使用传统前推回代潮流算法能够保证潮流计算结果的精度并能提高计算收敛速度;考虑PMU测量误差时,使用对负荷静态电压特性变化敏感性弱的前推回代算法抗误差性更强;2种算法都表明将PMU安装于普通节点时的算法计算精度比PMU安装在DG节点时高。     

基于正弦与余弦优化算法的配电网故障区间定位

快速准确地定位配电网故障区间对缩短故障停电时间和恢复电网运行具有重要的意义。提出了基于正弦与余弦优化算法(Sine Cosine Algorithm, SCA)的配电网故障区间定位方法。SCA算法通过简单的正弦与余弦函数模型即可实现优化问题的全局快速搜索,具有原理简单,容易实现,搜索能力强等特点。算例对比分析了SCA算法定位结果的快速性与准确性,探讨了算法参数对定位结果的影响。仿真结果表明,SCA算法在单点与多点故障并伴有信息丢失畸变等情况下均表现出了良好的优化性能。     

一种基于功角计算的振荡闭锁方案

针对现有振荡闭锁措施在应用中存在的不足,研究了一种基于功角计算的振荡闭锁方案。新方案将再故障时刻的系统运行功角作为识别振荡程度的依据,与根据失稳条件所确定的边界判据相结合,在功角小于整定值时允许距离保护在振荡闭锁期间快速开放,功角较大时闭锁距离元件。研究结果表明,新判据原理直观,实现简单,能够定量地反映系统振荡进程,并与振荡周期自适应,改善了距离保护在振荡闭锁期间开放的性能;对系统两侧电势幅值不等的讨论提高了本方法应用的可靠性和适用性。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果验证了新方案的正确性。     

基于可去间断点的连续采样飞点检测算法

电力系统电气量采样中的飞点数据是引起保护误动的主要原因之一。目前,国内外对于飞点等异常采样的研究较少,且这些异常采样检测算法存在着针对性不强、灵敏度不高等不足。深入研究飞点产生的原因及其特征,提出一种基于连续函数可去间断点的飞点检测算法,并给出了灵敏且自适应的检测门槛,运用本算法能够迅速、准确地检测出飞点数据。另外,还提出基于正弦函数的预测修复算法,检出飞点后运用该修复算法可将飞点修复到正常值,不需闭锁保护,完全消除了飞点对保护的影响。仿真实验结果表明,所提算法是可行的。     

正弦机构在球面展开中的运用

把正弦机构运用于球面展开中,推导出了一套新用于球面展开机构的运动学方程。经过MATLAB模拟仿真说明：钢球受此正弦机构和匀速运动的驱动,能完成一种复杂的空间螺旋运动,实现完全展开。这一研究为钢球展开机构的优化提供了必要的数学工具与理论基础。